Trench warfare

Land warfare involving static fortification of lines

Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied lines largely comprising military trenches, in which combatants are well-protected from the enemy's fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. Although used in antiquity it fully developed in the 17th century. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), particularly during the sieges of Vicksburg and Petersburg, modern firepower clashed with outdated infantry tactics.

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