Medieval renaissances

Periods of significant cultural renewal across medieval Western Europe

The medieval renaissances were periods of cultural renewal across medieval Western Europe. These are effectively seen as occurring in three phases: the Carolingian Renaissance (8th and 9th centuries), Ottonian Renaissance (10th century) and the Renaissance of the 12th century. The term was first used by medievalists in the 19th century, by analogy with the historiographical concept of the 15th and 16th century Italian Renaissance.

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