Isma'il Pasha of Egypt

Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1863 to 1879

Isma'il Pasha (Arabic: إسماعيل باشا Ismā‘īl Bāshā; 25 November 1830 or 31 December 1830 – 2 March 1895), also known as Ismail the Magnificent, was the Khedive of Egypt and ruler of Sudan from 1863 to 1879, when he was removed at the behest of Great Britain and France. Sharing the outlook of his grandfather, Muhammad Ali Pasha, he made Egypt and Sudan more competitive during his reign, investing heavily in industry, urbanization, and the expansion of the country's boundaries in Africa. In 1867, in exchange for a hefty financial compensation to the Ottoman Sultan, he secured a firman for the recognition for his title of Khedive (Great Master/Sovereign Prince) in preference to Wāli (Governor), which was previously used by his predecessors in the Eyalet of Egypt and Sudan (1517–1867), and also for the exclusivity of the transfer of this title to only his direct descendants, thereby excluding all other members of Muhammed Ali's family from the line of succession.

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