Gibbs free energy

Type of thermodynamic potential

In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol G {\displaystyle G}) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure–volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure. It also provides a necessary condition for processes such as chemical reactions that may occur under these conditions. The Gibbs free energy is expressed as G ( p , T) = U + p V − T S = H − T S {\displaystyle G(p,T)=U+pV-TS=H-TS} where: U {\displaystyle U} is the internal energy of the system H {\displaystyle H} is the enthalpy of the system S {\displaystyle S} is the entropy of the system T {\displaystyle T} is the temperature of the system V {\displaystyle V} is the volume of the system p {\displaystyle p} is the pressure of the system (which must be equal to that of the surroundings for mechanical equilibrium).

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