First Fitna

Rashidun-era Muslim civil war (656 to 661)

The First Fitna (Arabic: الفتنة الكبرى) was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the end of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate. The civil war involved three main factions: the supporters of Ali, the fourth Rashidun caliph; the Uthmaniyya (partisans of the slain caliph Uthman, comprising Aisha's faction in Basra and Mu'awiya's Umayyad partisans in Syria); and, from 657 onward, the Kharijites, who seceded from Ali's camp following the arbitration at Siffin.

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